写在前面:自己学习Java源码的一些笔记,JDK版本为1.8.0_131
属性
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;
/**
* Default initial capacity.
*/
// 默认的数组容量大小
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
/**
* Shared empty array instance used for empty instances.
*/
// 空数组,有参传入0,和传入的Collection大小为0,都使用这个空数组
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
* Shared empty array instance used for default sized empty instances. We
* distinguish this from EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA to know how much to inflate when
* first element is added.
*/
// 空数组,无参构造器使用的默认数组
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
* The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
* The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any
* empty ArrayList with elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
* will be expanded to DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added.
*/
// 被关键字transient修饰的属性在序列化时会被忽略。
transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access
/**
* The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains).
*
* @serial
*/
private int size;
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构造器
1. ArrayList()
无参构造器,elementData指向了一个空的Object[]数组
/**
* Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
*/
public ArrayList() {
this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
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2. ArrayList(int initialCapacity)
有参构造器,传入参数为一个整数,为负数会抛出异常;输入为0,会指向一个空的Object[]数组,注意这个空数组跟无参构造器的空数组地址是不同的;输入大于0,会直接创建一个大小为输入参数的Object[]数组。
/**
* Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the list
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
* is negative
*/
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
if (initialCapacity > 0) {
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
} else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
}
}
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3. ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c)
有参构造,传入参数为一个Collection对象。
/**
* Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
* collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
* iterator.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
// 将 Collection 对象通过 toArray() 转换成数组
elementData = c.toArray();
// 数组长度不为0并且toArray()没有返回Object数组,要将elementData转换为Object数组
if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
// c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
} else {
//为零,直接指向EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
// replace with empty array.
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
}
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方法
1. add(E e)
该方法用于在ArrayList末尾添加指定元素,参数为添加的元素,返回值为boolean类型,表示是否添加成功。
add(E e)源码:
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* @param e element to be appended to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
// 确认数组容量是否够用
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
// 添加元素赋值到数组末尾,数组大小加一
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
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其中确认数组容量是否够用的方法为:
// minCapacity 为数组所需的最小容量,对于add()操作来说,所需最小容量为 size + 1
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
// 数组是空数组,那么 minCapacity 从 size + 1(即1) 修改为默认值 10;
// 非空数组,那么 minCapacity 修改为与 10 相比较的较大值
// PS. 注意 if 语句中比较对象为 DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
// 通过有参构造构成出来的实例扩容时不会与默认值 10 比较
if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
}
ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
}
private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
// 因为 add() 操作会导致数组结构性改变,因此 modCount 加一
modCount++;
// overflow-conscious code
// minCapacity 与数组长度相比较,如果所需容量大于数组大小,实行扩容
if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
grow(minCapacity);
}
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扩容方法:
/**
* Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
* number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
*/
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
// 新容量为旧容量的1.5倍(此运算可能会导致 int 溢出)
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
// 如果溢出了 将新容量再次改为需要的最小容量
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
// 如果需要的容量比系统设定的最大数组大小还大,调用hugeCapacity()
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
// 实际的扩容操作为复制原数组到大小为给定容量的新数组
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
// 负数说明溢出了,不能扩容到这个容量
if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
// 需要的容量大于设定的数组最大长度,返回 Integer.MAX_VALUE ,否则返回 MAX_ARRAY_SIZE.
return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
Integer.MAX_VALUE :
MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
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add(E e)的具体实现中,主要是要观察现有的容量是否需要扩容,如果需要扩容,扩容规则为原容量的 1.5 倍。扩容的大小可能会超过允许的数组大小( int 溢出和需要容量大于设定的最大数组大小),当溢出的情况时,新数组大小为所需最小的容量;当大于设定最大容量时(MAX_ARRAY_SIZE),如果还是太大,超过Integer.MAX_VALUE,抛出异常,否则直接把数组大小变为Integer.MAX_VALUE大小。(MAX_ARRAY_SIZE比Integer.MAX_VALUE小8)。
2. add(int index, E element)
该方法用于在指定索引添加元素。参数 1 是要添加元素的索引,参数 2 是要添加的元素。
add(int index, E element)源码:
public void add(int index, E element) {
// 先检查输入索引是否合法
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
// 判断是否需要扩容
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
// 将输入索引及之后的元素全部后移一位,通过复制实现
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
size - index);
// 添加元素赋值到输入索引处
elementData[index] = element;
// 数组大小加一
size++;
}
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检查索引是否合法的方法为:
/**
* A version of rangeCheck used by add and addAll.
*/
private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
// 索引小于 0 和 超过了数组的实际大小(不是容量!)均抛出异常
// 在 ArrayList 源码中还有一个 rangeCheck() 方法。跟该方法略有不同。
if (index > size || index < 0)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
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add(int index, E element)的具体实现中,相比add(E e)方法多了一步索引的合法性加成,并且在赋值之前,需要将指定索引及之后的元素都后一一位。实际上相当于插入元素,插入的位置必须大于等于0,小于等于数组的大小(等于数组大小相当于add(E e)),因此哪怕实际上数组的容量要大于输入的index,但只要不满足上述条件仍然会抛出异常。
3. addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)
该方法将传入的集合的元素加到ArrayList后面,返回值表明是否成功添加大于0个元素,添加0个元素返回false。
/**
* Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
* this list, in the order that they are returned by the
* specified collection's Iterator. The behavior of this operation is
* undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation
* is in progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is
* undefined if the specified collection is this list, and this
* list is nonempty.)
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
// 将Collection转换为Object数组
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
// 添加操作,确认数组的容量
ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
// 将a的所有元素复制到elementData的后面
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
// 更新size
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}
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4. addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)
该方法将传入集合的元素添加到指定索引及之后处。
/**
* Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
* list, starting at the specified position. Shifts the element
* currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
* the right (increases their indices). The new elements will appear
* in the list in the order that they are returned by the
* specified collection's iterator.
*
* @param index index at which to insert the first element from the
* specified collection
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
// 判断 index 是否小于0,是否大于数组目前长度
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
// 确认容量是否够用,不够扩容
ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
int numMoved = size - index;
// 先将原数组index索引及之后的元素后移
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
numMoved);
//将传入元素复制进数组
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}
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5. set(int index, E element)
该方法用于修改数组中已有元素的值,参数 1 时要修改元素的索引,参数 2 是修改后的值。方法会返回原来的值。set方法不会对ArrayList产生结构性的变化,因此不会导致modCount改变
set(int index, E element)源码:
/**
* Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with
* the specified element.
*
* @param index index of the element to replace
* @param element element to be stored at the specified position
* @return the element previously at the specified position
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E set(int index, E element) {
// 同样需要对索引进行合法性判断,但是跟add操作的具体要求不同
rangeCheck(index);
//保存原来的值,这里是一个叫 elementData 的方法
E oldValue = elementData(index);
// index处修改为新的值
elementData[index] = element;
return oldValue;
}
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rangeCheck方法,这个方法在set、get和remove中都会用到:
/**
* Checks if the given index is in range. If not, throws an appropriate
* runtime exception. This method does *not* check if the index is
* negative: It is always used immediately prior to an array access,
* which throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if index is negative.
*/
private void rangeCheck(int index) {
// 对于set、get和remove方法,索引等于数组大小,也是不对的。
// 索引应当处于 0 到 size - 1之间。传入负数不会在抛出异常,但会在获取值的时候抛出异常(异常为ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException)。
// rangeCheckForAdd 会对输入负值进行判断,猜测是为了提高效率(?)
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
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6. get(int index)
该方法获取指定索引处的元素,参数为索引。
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
// 同样会对输入的索引进行检查
rangeCheck(index);
//返回指定索引处的元素
return elementData(index);
}
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7. remove(int index)
该方法移除指定索引处的元素。会返回移除的元素。
/**
* Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
* Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
* indices).
*
* @param index the index of the element to be removed
* @return the element that was removed from the list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E remove(int index) {
// 也会对 index 进行检查
rangeCheck(index);
// 移除也对数组进行了结构性改变, modCount 加一
modCount++;
// 记录被移除的元素
E oldValue = elementData(index);
// 移除一个元素后需要对移除索引后面的元素进行前移
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
// 末尾置为 null,size减一
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
return oldValue;
}
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8. remove(Object o)
该方法为移除指定元素。返回值为boolean类型,表示的是是否成功移除元素
/**
* Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
* if it is present. If the list does not contain the element, it is
* unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
* <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>
* (if such an element exists). Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list
* contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
* changed as a result of the call).
*
* @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contained the specified element
*/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
// 遍历数组,如有存在元素等于输入元素,移除该元素
if (o == null) {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (elementData[index] == null) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
} else {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
// 对象需要使用 equals 来判断
if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
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fastRemove源码为:
/*
* Private remove method that skips bounds checking and does not
* return the value removed.
*/
private void fastRemove(int index) {
// 与remove(int index)方法内的移除相同
modCount++;
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
}
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9. removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex)
该方法为移除指定索引范围内的元素。该方法被修饰为protected。具体范围为[fromIndex, toIndex),为一个左闭右开的区间。
/**
* Removes from this list all of the elements whose index is between
* {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, and {@code toIndex}, exclusive.
* Shifts any succeeding elements to the left (reduces their index).
* This call shortens the list by {@code (toIndex - fromIndex)} elements.
* (If {@code toIndex==fromIndex}, this operation has no effect.)
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex} or
* {@code toIndex} is out of range
* ({@code fromIndex < 0 ||
* fromIndex >= size() ||
* toIndex > size() ||
* toIndex < fromIndex})
*/
protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
// 即使一次移除多个元素,modCount也只加一次
modCount++;
// 需要移动的元素个数
int numMoved = size - toIndex;
// 仍然通过复制实现
System.arraycopy(elementData, toIndex, elementData, fromIndex,
numMoved);
// clear to let GC do its work
int newSize = size - (toIndex-fromIndex);
for (int i = newSize; i < size; i++) {
elementData[i] = null;
}
size = newSize;
}
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10. removeAll(Collection<?> c) 和 retainAll(Collection<?> c)
removeAll()方法将ArrayList中存在的,所有Collection中的元素删除。例如 list1 中有 0 到 9 共 10 个元素, list2 有 2、4、6、8、10共 5 个元素,list1.removeAll(list2)会将 list1 中的 2、4、6、8给删除。
retainAll()方法则计算两个集合的交集。
把这两个方法放一起是因为它们源代码使用了同一个方法。
源码:
/**
* Removes from this list all of its elements that are contained in the
* specified collection.
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be removed from this list
* @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element of this list
* is incompatible with the specified collection
* (<a href="https://juejin.cn/post/Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
* @throws NullPointerException if this list contains a null element and the
* specified collection does not permit null elements
* (<a href="https://juejin.cn/post/Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>),
* or if the specified collection is null
* @see Collection#contains(Object)
*/
public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
//非空检查
Objects.requireNonNull(c);
return batchRemove(c, false);
}
/**
* Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in the
* specified collection. In other words, removes from this list all
* of its elements that are not contained in the specified collection.
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be retained in this list
* @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element of this list
* is incompatible with the specified collection
* (<a href="https://juejin.cn/post/Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
* @throws NullPointerException if this list contains a null element and the
* specified collection does not permit null elements
* (<a href="https://juejin.cn/post/Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>),
* or if the specified collection is null
* @see Collection#contains(Object)
*/
public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
//非空检查
Objects.requireNonNull(c);
return batchRemove(c, true);
}
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batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement)方法:
private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) {
final Object[] elementData = this.elementData;
int r = 0, w = 0;
boolean modified = false;
try {
// complement 为 true, elementData 记录集合交集
// 为 false, elementData 记录 c 集合中没有的元素
for (; r < size; r++)
if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement)
elementData[w++] = elementData[r];
} finally {
// Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection,
// even if c.contains() throws.
// 正常情况下 r == size, 出现不等说明执行 contains() 方法出现异常
if (r != size) {
System.arraycopy(elementData, r,
elementData, w,
size - r);
w += size - r;
}
// 如果complement为true, elementData存的是集合的交集
// 此时如果w==size代表两个集合相同
// 不同将把多余的元素置为null,modCount加上置为null元素的数量
// 如果complement为false, elementData存的是做了集合减法后剩余的元素
// w==size代表两个集合没有交集,因此未删除任何一个元素
// 不同将多余的元素置为null,modCount加上置为null元素的数量
if (w != size) {
// clear to let GC do its work
for (int i = w; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
modCount += size - w;
size = w;
modified = true;
}
}
// 返回值 modified 为 true,说明 elementData 产生了结构性变化(即执行置为null)
// 1. ArrayList删除了元素
// 2. ArrayList与传入集合有交集(交集长度小于size)
// 3. ArrayList与传入集合没有交集(交集长度等于0)
// 当为 false 时,几种可能情况:
// 1. ArrayList未删除元素
// 2. 传入集合有所有ArrayList集合元素的值(交集长度等于size)
return modified;
}
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removeAll()和retainAll()方法的核心方法为batchRemove()方法,batchRemove()方法根据传入参数complement来决定elementData保留什么元素,complement如果为true,保留交集的元素,如果为false,保留不应当被remove的元素。根据elementData的长度w来确认返回值。
11. clear()
该方法将ArrayList中的所有元素清空。
/**
* Removes all of the elements from this list. The list will
* be empty after this call returns.
*/
public void clear() {
// 同样属于结构性变化
modCount++;
// clear to let GC do its work
// 将所有元素置为 null
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
// size变为 0
size = 0;
}
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12. indexOf(Object o)
该方法用于获取给定对象在ArrayList中第一次出现的索引位置,如果找不到指定对象,返回值为-1。
/**
* Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the lowest index <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*/
public int indexOf(Object o) {
// 输入可能为 null,按索引顺序寻找是否有元素为 null
if (o == null) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (elementData[i]==null)
return i;
} else {
// 不为 null, 按索引顺序寻找是否有元素等于输入元素
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
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null要单独拿出来是因为虽然Object可以为null,但是调用equals()方法前会抛出空指针异常,不能使用equals()。
13. lastIndexOf(Object o)
获取给定对象在列表中最后一次出现的索引,如果没有查找到,返回-1。
/**
* Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the highest index <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*/
public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
// 跟indexOf的区别就是从后往前遍历
if (o == null) {
for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
if (elementData[i]==null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
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14. trimToSize()
该方法去掉预留的容量,只保留数组实际使用的长度需要的空间。
/**
* Trims the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance to be the
* list's current size. An application can use this operation to minimize
* the storage of an <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance.
*/
public void trimToSize() {
modCount++;
// 仍然是通过数组的复制实现
if (size < elementData.length) {
elementData = (size == 0)
? EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
: Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
}
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15. clone()
该方法克隆ArrayList的实例,需要注意的是该方法为浅复制。
/**
* Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance. (The
* elements themselves are not copied.)
*
* @return a clone of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance
*/
//该方法返回的结果为Object对象
public Object clone() {
//复制原来的元素到新的ArrayList中
try {
ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone();
v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
v.modCount = 0;
return v;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
// this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
throw new InternalError(e);
}
}
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16. writeObeject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) 和 readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
因为elementData被关键字 transient 修饰,因此使用writeObject和readObject方法来进行序列化相关的操作。 (因为ArrayList的容量关系,序列化elementData会将很多null也给序列化,因此实际上序列化的时候只会序列化实际大小的数组)。
/**
* Save the state of the <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance to a stream (that
* is, serialize it).
*
* @serialData The length of the array backing the <tt>ArrayList</tt>
* instance is emitted (int), followed by all of its elements
* (each an <tt>Object</tt>) in the proper order.
*/
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException{
// Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
int expectedModCount = modCount;
//没有被tranisent修饰的会被序列化
s.defaultWriteObject();
// Write out size as capacity for behavioural compatibility with clone()
s.writeInt(size);
// Write out all elements in the proper order.
//将ArrayList中的元素依次序列化
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
}
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
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/**
* Reconstitute the <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance from a stream (that is,
* deserialize it).
*/
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
// Read in size, and any hidden stuff
s.defaultReadObject();
// Read in capacity
s.readInt(); // ignored
if (size > 0) {
// be like clone(), allocate array based upon size not capacity
ensureCapacityInternal(size);
Object[] a = elementData;
// Read in all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
a[i] = s.readObject();
}
}
}
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