背景:小一同学从小是一个粗心的孩子。有时候,小一突然会发现自己穿了两只不一样的袜子,晚上睡觉的时候,小一突然发现里面的长袖穿反了。后来小一成为了一名程序员。
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what happened?
小一在熟练的创建”对象“,Person *p = [Person alloc] ..., ”啊,这个什么情况?“,小一被巨大的吵闹吸引了过去,凑完热闹,小一又回来给继续给对象赋值,”哦豁,我忘记写init了,(⊙o⊙)…,但是好像还可以用,发生了什么呢?“,于是小一就开始了如下的探索。
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Person *p = [Person alloc];
Person *p1 = [p init];
Person *p2 = [p init];
Person *p3 = [p init];
NSLog(@"%@---%p", p, &p);
NSLog(@"%@---%p", p1, &p1);
NSLog(@"%@---%p", p2, &p2);
NSLog(@"%@---%p", p3, &p3);
2021-06-12 11:58:14.656070+0800 alloc1[33225:10170125] <Person: 0x600003f2c190>---0x7ffee6bb8108
2021-06-12 11:58:14.656257+0800 alloc1[33225:10170125] <Person: 0x600003f2c190>---0x7ffee6bb8100
2021-06-12 11:58:14.656411+0800 alloc1[33225:10170125] <Person: 0x600003f2c190>---0x7ffee6bb80f8
2021-06-12 11:58:14.656596+0800 alloc1[33225:10170125] <Person: 0x600003f2c190>---0x7ffee6bb80f0
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分析上面的结果:p、p1、p2、p3他们指向的地址是相同的,但是他们本身的地址是不同的,相差8。也就是说:对象的分配是在alloc中完成的,然后p1、p2、p3是指向对象的指针,他们的内存分配在栈中,地址分配由高到低,所以才有了上面的打印,下面我们就来看一下alloc里面发生了什么?init是干嘛的?
why
alloc流程
流程图如下:
关键源码分析(以objc 818为例,xcode12.5)
static ALWAYS_INLINE id
callAlloc(Class cls, bool checkNil, bool allocWithZone=false)
{
#if __OBJC2__
if (slowpath(checkNil && !cls)) return nil;
if (fastpath(!cls->ISA()->hasCustomAWZ())) { //经过编译器优化走下面这个方法
return _objc_rootAllocWithZone(cls, nil);
}
#endif
// No shortcuts available. 兼容老的zone方法
if (allocWithZone) {
return ((id(*)(id, SEL, struct _NSZone *))objc_msgSend)(cls, @selector(allocWithZone:), nil);
}
return ((id(*)(id, SEL))objc_msgSend)(cls, @selector(alloc));
}
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经过调用栈调用最后调动_class_createInstanceFromZone这个方法
这个方法阐述了对象是如何分配内存的
- 要先计算内存大小
- 分配内存空间
- 与传入的对象关联
static ALWAYS_INLINE id
_class_createInstanceFromZone(Class cls, size_t extraBytes, void *zone,
int construct_flags = OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_NONE,
bool cxxConstruct = true,
size_t *outAllocatedSize = nil)
{
ASSERT(cls->isRealized());
// Read class's info bits all at once for performance
bool hasCxxCtor = cxxConstruct && cls->hasCxxCtor();
bool hasCxxDtor = cls->hasCxxDtor();
bool fast = cls->canAllocNonpointer();
size_t size;
//1.计算内存大小
size = cls->instanceSize(extraBytes);
if (outAllocatedSize) *outAllocatedSize = size;
id obj;
if (zone) {
obj = (id)malloc_zone_calloc((malloc_zone_t *)zone, 1, size);
} else {
//2.分配内存
obj = (id)calloc(1, size);
}
if (slowpath(!obj)) {
if (construct_flags & OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_CALL_BADALLOC) {
return _objc_callBadAllocHandler(cls);
}
return nil;
}
if (!zone && fast) {
//3.关联当前cls
obj->initInstanceIsa(cls, hasCxxDtor);
} else {
// Use raw pointer isa on the assumption that they might be
// doing something weird with the zone or RR.
obj->initIsa(cls);
}
if (fastpath(!hasCxxCtor)) {
return obj;
}
construct_flags |= OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_FREE_ONFAILURE;
return object_cxxConstructFromClass(obj, cls, construct_flags);
}
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1.从内存的大小计算中可以看出,818是以16字节对齐的。
早期的以8字节对齐,现在以16字节对齐的好处可能是
- 预留空间
- 一个对象最小是8个字节,以最小倍数翻倍,方便读取,更安全。
inline size_t instanceSize(size_t extraBytes) const {
if (fastpath(cache.hasFastInstanceSize(extraBytes))) {
return cache.fastInstanceSize(extraBytes); //走这里
}
size_t size = alignedInstanceSize() + extraBytes;
// CF requires all objects be at least 16 bytes.
if (size < 16) size = 16;
return size;
}
size_t fastInstanceSize(size_t extra) const
{
ASSERT(hasFastInstanceSize(extra));
if (__builtin_constant_p(extra) && extra == 0) {
return _flags & FAST_CACHE_ALLOC_MASK16;
} else {
size_t size = _flags & FAST_CACHE_ALLOC_MASK;
// remove the FAST_CACHE_ALLOC_DELTA16 that was added
// by setFastInstanceSize
return align16(size + extra - FAST_CACHE_ALLOC_DELTA16);
}
}
//16字节对齐
static inline size_t align16(size_t x) {
return (x + size_t(15)) & ~size_t(15);
}
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关于3:obj->initInstanceIsa(cls, hasCxxDtor);对cls的一些设置
{
ASSERT(!isTaggedPointer());
isa_t newisa(0);
if (!nonpointer) {
newisa.setClass(cls, this);
} else {
ASSERT(!DisableNonpointerIsa);
ASSERT(!cls->instancesRequireRawIsa());
#if SUPPORT_INDEXED_ISA
ASSERT(cls->classArrayIndex() > 0);
newisa.bits = ISA_INDEX_MAGIC_VALUE;
// isa.magic is part of ISA_MAGIC_VALUE
// isa.nonpointer is part of ISA_MAGIC_VALUE
newisa.has_cxx_dtor = hasCxxDtor;
newisa.indexcls = (uintptr_t)cls->classArrayIndex();
#else
newisa.bits = ISA_MAGIC_VALUE;
// isa.magic is part of ISA_MAGIC_VALUE
// isa.nonpointer is part of ISA_MAGIC_VALUE
# if ISA_HAS_CXX_DTOR_BIT
newisa.has_cxx_dtor = hasCxxDtor;
# endif
newisa.setClass(cls, this);
#endif
newisa.extra_rc = 1;
}
// This write must be performed in a single store in some cases
// (for example when realizing a class because other threads
// may simultaneously try to use the class).
// fixme use atomics here to guarantee single-store and to
// guarantee memory order w.r.t. the class index table
// ...but not too atomic because we don't want to hurt instantiation
isa = newisa;
}
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alloc大致流程如上。
init做了什么呢
- (id)init {
return _objc_rootInit(self);
}
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init是一个工厂方法,为开发人员提供一个构造方法的入口
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