之前文章Spark数据输入–RDD生成里讲过，Spark的数据输入，主要有三类，这里我们开始研究一下其中的第三类，即Spark如何加载数据生成DataFrame/Dataset。
先介绍一下什么是DataFrame/Dataset，从Spark源码里面找到权威介绍信息：
type DataFrame = Dataset[Row]
// 这里可以看到，DataFrame其实就是类型为Row的Dataset
因此我们主要看Dataset：
/**
* A Dataset is a strongly typed collection of domain-specific objects that can be transformed
* in parallel using functional or relational operations. Each Dataset also has an untyped view
* called a `DataFrame`, which is a Dataset of [[Row]].
*
* Operations available on Datasets are divided into transformations and actions. Transformations
* are the ones that produce new Datasets, and actions are the ones that trigger computation and
* return results. Example transformations include map, filter, select, and aggregate (`groupBy`).
* Example actions count, show, or writing data out to file systems.
*
* Datasets are "lazy", i.e. computations are only triggered when an action is invoked. Internally,
* a Dataset represents a logical plan that describes the computation required to produce the data.
* When an action is invoked, Spark's query optimizer optimizes the logical plan and generates a
* physical plan for efficient execution in a parallel and distributed manner. To explore the
* logical plan as well as optimized physical plan, use the `explain` function.
*
* To efficiently support domain-specific objects, an [[Encoder]] is required. The encoder maps
* the domain specific type `T` to Spark's internal type system. For example, given a class `Person`
* with two fields, `name` (string) and `age` (int), an encoder is used to tell Spark to generate
* code at runtime to serialize the `Person` object into a binary structure. This binary structure
* often has much lower memory footprint as well as are optimized for efficiency in data processing
* (e.g. in a columnar format). To understand the internal binary representation for data, use the
* `schema` function.
*
* There are typically two ways to create a Dataset. The most common way is by pointing Spark
* to some files on storage systems, using the `read` function available on a `SparkSession`.
* {{{
* val people = spark.read.parquet("...").as[Person] // Scala
* Dataset<Person> people = spark.read().parquet("...").as(Encoders.bean(Person.class)); // Java
* }}}
*
* Datasets can also be created through transformations available on existing Datasets. For example,
* the following creates a new Dataset by applying a filter on the existing one:
* {{{
* val names = people.map(_.name) // in Scala; names is a Dataset[String]
* Dataset<String> names = people.map((Person p) -> p.name, Encoders.STRING));
* }}}
*
* Dataset operations can also be untyped, through various domain-specific-language (DSL)
* functions defined in: Dataset (this class), [[Column]], and [[functions]]. These operations
* are very similar to the operations available in the data frame abstraction in R or Python.
*
* To select a column from the Dataset, use `apply` method in Scala and `col` in Java.
* {{{
* val ageCol = people("age") // in Scala
* Column ageCol = people.col("age"); // in Java
* }}}
*
* Note that the [[Column]] type can also be manipulated through its various functions.
* {{{
* // The following creates a new column that increases everybody's age by 10.
* people("age") + 10 // in Scala
* people.col("age").plus(10); // in Java
* }}}
*
* A more concrete example in Scala:
* {{{
* // To create Dataset[Row] using SparkSession
* val people = spark.read.parquet("...")
* val department = spark.read.parquet("...")
*
* people.filter("age > 30")
* .join(department, people("deptId") === department("id"))
* .groupBy(department("name"), people("gender"))
* .agg(avg(people("salary")), max(people("age")))
* }}}
*
* and in Java:
* {{{
* // To create Dataset<Row> using SparkSession
* Dataset<Row> people = spark.read().parquet("...");
* Dataset<Row> department = spark.read().parquet("...");
*
* people.filter(people.col("age").gt(30))
* .join(department, people.col("deptId").equalTo(department.col("id")))
* .groupBy(department.col("name"), people.col("gender"))
* .agg(avg(people.col("salary")), max(people.col("age")));
* }}}
*
* @groupname basic Basic Dataset functions
* @groupname action Actions
* @groupname untypedrel Untyped transformations
* @groupname typedrel Typed transformations
*
* @since 1.6.0
*/
@InterfaceStability.Stable
class Dataset[T] private[sql](
@transient val sparkSession: SparkSession,
@DeveloperApi @InterfaceStability.Unstable @transient val queryExecution: QueryExecution,
encoder: Encoder[T])
extends Serializable {
复制代码将这段注释翻译一下：
Dataset 是领域特定对象的一种强类型集合，可通过函数或者关系操作进行并行转换。每个Dataset还有一个称为“DataFrame”的非类型化视图，它是Row类型的Dataset。
可作用于Dataset上的操作主要分为Transformation和Action两类。Transformation操作是产生新的Dataset，而Action是触发计算并返回结果集。常见的Transformation包括map、filter、select、以及聚合操作，比如groupBy；常见的Action操作包括count、show、或者写数据到外部文件系统等。
Dataset也是懒加载的，也就是说，计算仅仅当action被调用时触发。在Spark内部，Dataset表示描述生成数据所需计算的逻辑计划。当Action被调用时，Spark查询优化器将对该逻辑计划进行优化，并生成一个物理执行计划，用于分布式并行地高效执行。可以使用“explain”函数探索逻辑计划以及优化后的物理执行计划。
Encoder用于支持高效的领域特定对象。encoder用于将领域特定对象‘T’与Spark内部类型系统进行映射。例如：给定一个带有属性name（string）和age（int）的Person类型，encoder用于告诉Spark去生成运行时代码，将“Person”对象序列化为二进制结构。这种二进制结构，通常具有较低的内存占用，并针对数据处理的效率进行了优化，比如以列格式。使用‘schema’函数可以了解数据的二进制内部表示。
有两种常见的创建Dataset方式。其中最常用的是将Spark指向存储系统上的某些文件，使用‘SparkSession’上可用的‘read’函数。
val people = spark.read.parquet("...").as[Person] // Scala
Dataset<Person> people = spark.read().parquet("...").as(Encoders.bean(Person.class)); // Java
复制代码Dataset同样也可以通过已有的Dataset进行Transformation生成。比如下面通过在已有的Dataset上调用map函数生成。
val names = people.map(_.name) // in Scala; names is a Dataset[String]
Dataset<String> names = people.map((Person p) -> p.name, Encoders.STRING));
复制代码Dataset操作也可以是非类型化的，通过各种定义在Dataset、Column、functions中的DSL。这些操作与R或者Python语言中的DataFrame抽象中的可用操作非常相似。
从Dataset中选择一列，在scala中可用使用‘apply’方法，在java中使用‘col’方法：
val ageCol = people("age") // in Scala
Column ageCol = people.col("age"); // in Java
复制代码注意Column类型可以通过它的多种函数进行操作
// The following creates a new column that increases everybody's age by 10.
people("age") + 10 // in Scala
people.col("age").plus(10); // in Java
复制代码Scala中的一个更具体的例子：
// To create Dataset[Row] using SparkSession
val people = spark.read.parquet("...")
val department = spark.read.parquet("...")
people.filter("age > 30")
.join(department, people("deptId") === department("id"))
.groupBy(department("name"), people("gender"))
.agg(avg(people("salary")), max(people("age")))
复制代码Java中：
// To create Dataset<Row> using SparkSession
Dataset<Row> people = spark.read().parquet("...");
Dataset<Row> department = spark.read().parquet("...");
people.filter(people.col("age").gt(30))
.join(department, people.col("deptId").equalTo(department.col("id")))
.groupBy(department.col("name"), people.col("gender"))
.agg(avg(people.col("salary")), max(people.col("age")));
复制代码从上面的解释来看，Spark加载数据生成Dataset，入口是SparkSession的read方法，其实还有一个readStream方法，从方法名称就可以看到read方法用于批量读取数据，readStream用于流式读取数据。
/**
* Returns a [[DataFrameReader]] that can be used to read non-streaming data in as a
* `DataFrame`.
* 返回一个DataFrameReader用于读取非流式数据生成DataFrame
* {{{
* sparkSession.read.parquet("/path/to/file.parquet")
* sparkSession.read.schema(schema).json("/path/to/file.json")
* }}}
*
* @since 2.0.0
*/
def read: DataFrameReader = new DataFrameReader(self)
/**
* Returns a `DataStreamReader` that can be used to read streaming data in as a `DataFrame`.
* 返回一个DataStreamReader用于读取流式数据生成DataFrame
* {{{
* sparkSession.readStream.parquet("/path/to/directory/of/parquet/files")
* sparkSession.readStream.schema(schema).json("/path/to/directory/of/json/files")
* }}}
*
* @since 2.0.0
*/
@InterfaceStability.Evolving
def readStream: DataStreamReader = new DataStreamReader(self)
复制代码从这里可以看出，Dataset具有是否流式数据的属性:
/**
* Returns true if this Dataset contains one or more sources that continuously
* return data as it arrives. A Dataset that reads data from a streaming source
* must be executed as a `StreamingQuery` using the `start()` method in
* `DataStreamWriter`. Methods that return a single answer, e.g. `count()` or
* `collect()`, will throw an [[AnalysisException]] when there is a streaming
* source present.
*
* @group streaming
* @since 2.0.0
*/
@InterfaceStability.Evolving
def isStreaming: Boolean = logicalPlan.isStreaming
复制代码如果是流式数据源，则调用readStream方法生成DataStreamReader对象，如果是批量数据，则调用read方法生成DataFrameReader对象。
本次我们先研究批量数据读取生成DataFrame/Dataset。
我们以读取parquet格式文件为例：
sparkSession.read.parquet("/path/to/file.parquet")
复制代码找到DataFrameReader的parquet方法：
/**
* Loads a Parquet file, returning the result as a `DataFrame`. See the documentation
* on the other overloaded `parquet()` method for more details.
*
* @since 2.0.0
*/
def parquet(path: String): DataFrame = {
// This method ensures that calls that explicit need single argument works, see SPARK-16009
parquet(Seq(path): _*)
}
复制代码进一步调用：
/**
* Loads a Parquet file, returning the result as a `DataFrame`.
*
* You can set the following Parquet-specific option(s) for reading Parquet files:
* <ul>
* <li>`mergeSchema` (default is the value specified in `spark.sql.parquet.mergeSchema`): sets
* whether we should merge schemas collected from all Parquet part-files. This will override
* `spark.sql.parquet.mergeSchema`.</li>
* </ul>
* @since 1.4.0
*/
@scala.annotation.varargs
def parquet(paths: String*): DataFrame = {
format("parquet").load(paths: _*)
}
复制代码里面调用了format方法指定数据源格式为parquet
/**
* Specifies the input data source format.
*
* @since 1.4.0
*/
def format(source: String): DataFrameReader = {
this.source = source
this
}
复制代码然后调用DataFrameReader的load方法：
/**
* Loads input in as a `DataFrame`, for data sources that support multiple paths.
* Only works if the source is a HadoopFsRelationProvider.
*
* @since 1.6.0
*/
@scala.annotation.varargs
def load(paths: String*): DataFrame = {
if (source.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT) == DDLUtils.HIVE_PROVIDER) {
throw new AnalysisException("Hive data source can only be used with tables, you can not " +
"read files of Hive data source directly.")
}
val cls = DataSource.lookupDataSource(source, sparkSession.sessionState.conf)
if (classOf[DataSourceV2].isAssignableFrom(cls)) {
val ds = cls.newInstance().asInstanceOf[DataSourceV2]
if (ds.isInstanceOf[ReadSupport]) {
val sessionOptions = DataSourceV2Utils.extractSessionConfigs(
ds = ds, conf = sparkSession.sessionState.conf)
val pathsOption = {
val objectMapper = new ObjectMapper()
DataSourceOptions.PATHS_KEY -> objectMapper.writeValueAsString(paths.toArray)
}
Dataset.ofRows(sparkSession, DataSourceV2Relation.create(
ds, sessionOptions ++ extraOptions.toMap + pathsOption,
userSpecifiedSchema = userSpecifiedSchema))
} else {
loadV1Source(paths: _*)
}
} else {
loadV1Source(paths: _*)
}
}
复制代码我们来重点分析这个load方法流程：
先重点看下DataSource.lookupDataSource方法，该方法主要是通过SPI机制查找指定source的数据源处理类：
/** Given a provider name, look up the data source class definition. */
def lookupDataSource(provider: String, conf: SQLConf): Class[_] = {
val provider1 = backwardCompatibilityMap.getOrElse(provider, provider) match {
case name if name.equalsIgnoreCase("orc") &&
conf.getConf(SQLConf.ORC_IMPLEMENTATION) == "native" =>
classOf[OrcFileFormat].getCanonicalName
case name if name.equalsIgnoreCase("orc") &&
conf.getConf(SQLConf.ORC_IMPLEMENTATION) == "hive" =>
"org.apache.spark.sql.hive.orc.OrcFileFormat"
case "com.databricks.spark.avro" if conf.replaceDatabricksSparkAvroEnabled =>
"org.apache.spark.sql.avro.AvroFileFormat"
case name => name
}
val provider2 = s"$provider1.DefaultSource"
val loader = Utils.getContextOrSparkClassLoader
val serviceLoader = ServiceLoader.load(classOf[DataSourceRegister], loader)
try {
serviceLoader.asScala.filter(_.shortName().equalsIgnoreCase(provider1)).toList match {
// the provider format did not match any given registered aliases
case Nil =>
try {
Try(loader.loadClass(provider1)).orElse(Try(loader.loadClass(provider2))) match {
case Success(dataSource) =>
// Found the data source using fully qualified path
dataSource
case Failure(error) =>
if (provider1.startsWith("org.apache.spark.sql.hive.orc")) {
throw new AnalysisException(
"Hive built-in ORC data source must be used with Hive support enabled. " +
"Please use the native ORC data source by setting 'spark.sql.orc.impl' to " +
"'native'")
} else if (provider1.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT) == "avro" ||
provider1 == "com.databricks.spark.avro" ||
provider1 == "org.apache.spark.sql.avro") {
throw new AnalysisException(
s"Failed to find data source: $provider1. Avro is built-in but external data " +
"source module since Spark 2.4. Please deploy the application as per " +
"the deployment section of \"Apache Avro Data Source Guide\".")
} else if (provider1.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT) == "kafka") {
throw new AnalysisException(
s"Failed to find data source: $provider1. Please deploy the application as " +
"per the deployment section of " +
"\"Structured Streaming + Kafka Integration Guide\".")
} else {
throw new ClassNotFoundException(
s"Failed to find data source: $provider1. Please find packages at " +
"http://spark.apache.org/third-party-projects.html",
error)
}
}
} catch {
case e: NoClassDefFoundError => // This one won't be caught by Scala NonFatal
// NoClassDefFoundError's class name uses "/" rather than "." for packages
val className = e.getMessage.replaceAll("/", ".")
if (spark2RemovedClasses.contains(className)) {
throw new ClassNotFoundException(s"$className was removed in Spark 2.0. " +
"Please check if your library is compatible with Spark 2.0", e)
} else {
throw e
}
}
case head :: Nil =>
// there is exactly one registered alias
head.getClass
case sources =>
// There are multiple registered aliases for the input. If there is single datasource
// that has "org.apache.spark" package in the prefix, we use it considering it is an
// internal datasource within Spark.
val sourceNames = sources.map(_.getClass.getName)
val internalSources = sources.filter(_.getClass.getName.startsWith("org.apache.spark"))
if (internalSources.size == 1) {
logWarning(s"Multiple sources found for $provider1 (${sourceNames.mkString(", ")}), " +
s"defaulting to the internal datasource (${internalSources.head.getClass.getName}).")
internalSources.head.getClass
} else {
throw new AnalysisException(s"Multiple sources found for $provider1 " +
s"(${sourceNames.mkString(", ")}), please specify the fully qualified class name.")
}
}
} catch {
case e: ServiceConfigurationError if e.getCause.isInstanceOf[NoClassDefFoundError] =>
// NoClassDefFoundError's class name uses "/" rather than "." for packages
val className = e.getCause.getMessage.replaceAll("/", ".")
if (spark2RemovedClasses.contains(className)) {
throw new ClassNotFoundException(s"Detected an incompatible DataSourceRegister. " +
"Please remove the incompatible library from classpath or upgrade it. " +
s"Error: ${e.getMessage}", e)
} else {
throw e
}
}
}
复制代码对于parquet格式，Spark内部已经内置好了实现类，即org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.parquet.ParquetFileFormat：
ParquetFileFormat，不是DataSourceV2实现类，因此执行流程走的是loadV1Source分支：首先通过DataSource的apply方法构建DataSource对象，然后调用resolveRelation方法产生BaseRelation对象，实际上是org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.HadoopFsRelation，最后调用SparkSession的baseRelationToDataFrame方法，将BaseRelation转换为DataFrame：baseRelationToDataFrame方法调用了Dataset的ofRows方法，然后new了一个Dataset对象。
def ofRows(sparkSession: SparkSession, logicalPlan: LogicalPlan): DataFrame = {
val qe = sparkSession.sessionState.executePlan(logicalPlan)
qe.assertAnalyzed()
new Dataset[Row](sparkSession, qe, RowEncoder(qe.analyzed.schema))
}
复制代码至此，清楚了Spark数据输入生成DataFrame/Dataset流程，当然到这里其实还没有真正开始加载数据，我们后面再探索一下任务真正执行时，如何加载数据源数据的。
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