LinkedList是双向链表,每个节点都指向前一个和后一个节点。
类图如下所示:
- 与ArrayList相同的是,LinkedList也实现了List, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable这三个接口;
- LinkedList不包含java.util.RandomAccess 接口,因此,它不支持随机访问。
- LinkedList实现了Deque接口,提供了双端队列的功能,LinkedList 支持快速的在头尾添加元素和读取元素,所以很容易实现该特性。
1 源码解析
1.1 属性
//关键字transient可使属性不被序列化
transient int size = 0;
/**
* Pointer to first node.
指向首节点
* Invariant: (first == null && last == null) ||
* (first.prev == null && first.item != null)
*/
transient Node<E> first;
/**
* Pointer to last node.
指向尾节点
* Invariant: (first == null && last == null) ||
* (last.next == null && last.item != null)
*/
transient Node<E> last;
private static class Node<E> {
E item;
Node<E> next;
Node<E> prev;
Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) {
this.item = element;
this.next = next;
this.prev = prev;
}
}
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从代码中可知,LinkedList有三个属性:size,first,last。
-
first和last分别指链表的头尾指针。
- 在初始时候,
first
和last
指向null
,因为此时暂时没有节点。 - 在添加完首个节点后,创建对应的节点
node1
,前后分别都指向null
。此时,first
和last
指向该 节点。 - 继续添加一个节点后,创建对应的 Node 节点
node2
,其prev = node1
和next = null
,而node1
的prev = null
和next = node2
。此时,first
保持不变,指向node1
,last
发生改变,指向node2
。
- 在初始时候,
-
size
属性:链表的节点数量。通过它进行计数,避免每次需要 List 大小时,需要从头到尾的遍历。
1.2 构造函数
/**
* Constructs an empty list.
*/
public LinkedList() {
}
/**
* Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
* collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
* iterator.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
this();
addAll(c);
}
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LinkedList有两个构造函数,与ArrayList不同的是,ArrayList提供了一个通过设置初始化容量来初始化类的构造函数。LinkedList底层是链表,添加新元素时,将新节点加入链表,容量随着节点的个数变化而变化。而ArrayList底层是数组,所以我们可以为ArrayList设置初始容量,也就是设置的数组的容量。
1.3 主要方法
1.3.1 get()方法获取指定位置的元素
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
返回指定位置的元素
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
//判断index是否越界
checkElementIndex(index);
return node(index).item;
}
/**
* Returns the (non-null) Node at the specified element index.
*/
Node<E> node(int index) {
// assert isElementIndex(index);
//判断index是否小于链表长度的1/2,如果是,从前往后遍历,否则从后往前遍历(为了减少遍历次数)
if (index < (size >> 1)) {
Node<E> x = first;
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
x = x.next;
return x;
} else {
Node<E> x = last;
for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
x = x.prev;
return x;
}
}
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1.3.2 set()方法设置指定位置的元素
/**
* Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the
* specified element.
*
* @param index index of the element to replace
* @param element element to be stored at the specified position
* @return the element previously at the specified position
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E set(int index, E element) {
//判断index是否越界
checkElementIndex(index);
//将指定节点中的item更新
Node<E> x = node(index);
E oldVal = x.item;
x.item = element;
//更新旧节点
return oldVal;
}
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1.3.3 添加新节点到LinkedList
(1)LinkedList中有两个add方法,用于添加单个元素
-
add(E e) 方法,顺序添加单个元素到链表。
-
add(int index, E element)方法,插入单个元素到指定位置。
代码如下图所示:
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addLast}.
*
* @param e element to be appended to this list
* @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
linkLast(e);
return true;
}
/**
* Links e as last element.
链接新节点到末尾
*/
void linkLast(E e) {
final Node<E> l = last;
final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null);
last = newNode;
if (l == null)
first = newNode;
else
l.next = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
* Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any
* subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
*
* @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
* @param element element to be inserted
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public void add(int index, E element) {
checkPositionIndex(index);
if (index == size)
linkLast(element);
else
linkBefore(element, node(index));
}
/**
* Inserts element e before non-null Node succ.
插入节点到链表中
*/
void linkBefore(E e, Node<E> succ) {
// assert succ != null;
final Node<E> pred = succ.prev;
final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, succ);
succ.prev = newNode;
if (pred == null)
first = newNode;
else
pred.next = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
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(2)addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)方法,批量添加多个元素
//在链表尾端插入多个元素
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
return addAll(size, c);
}
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
//判断是否越界
checkPositionIndex(index);
//判断是否新增集合为null
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
if (numNew == 0)
return false;
//获取当前index位置的节点succ ,与它前一个节点pred
Node<E> pred, succ;
if (index == size) {
succ = null;
pred = last;
} else {
succ = node(index);
pred = succ.prev;
}
for (Object o : a) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) o;
Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, null);
// 如果 pred 为 null ,说明 first 也为 null ,则直接将 first 指向新节点
if (pred == null)
first = newNode;
else
pred.next = newNode;// pred.next指向新节点
pred = newNode;// 修改pred指向新节点(pred指针右移一位)
}
if (succ == null) {// 如果 succ 为 null ,说明插入链表尾端,则直接修改 last 指向最后一个 pred
last = pred;
} else {
//否则,新插入的最后一个节点的next指向succ,succ节点的prev指向新插入的最后一个节点
pred.next = succ;
succ.prev = pred;
}
size += numNew;
modCount++;
return true;
}
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1.3.4 实现Deque接口的addFirst()和addLast()方法
addFirst(E e)方法即添加节点到链表首端,addLast(E e)方法即添加节点到链表尾端。
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the beginning of this list.
*
* @param e the element to add
*/
public void addFirst(E e) {
linkFirst(e);
}
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #add}.
*
* @param e the element to add
*/
public void addLast(E e) {
linkLast(e);
}
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1.3.5push(E e)方法和Pop()
push(E e)方法用于将元素压入LinkedList表示的堆栈的开头(顶部)。
Pop()方法用于弹出位于链表所表示的堆栈顶部的对象。
/**
* Pushes an element onto the stack represented by this list. In other
* words, inserts the element at the front of this list.
*
* <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addFirst}.
*
* @param e the element to push
* @since 1.6
*/
public void push(E e) {
//调用addFirst方法,将节点添加到链表首端
addFirst(e);
}
/**
* Pops an element from the stack represented by this list. In other
* words, removes and returns the first element of this list.
*
* <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
*
* @return the element at the front of this list (which is the top
* of the stack represented by this list)
* @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
* @since 1.6
*/
public E pop() {
//删除链表第一个元素
return removeFirst();
}
/**
* Removes and returns the first element from this list.
*
* @return the first element from this list
* @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
*/
public E removeFirst() {
final Node<E> f = first;
if (f == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
return unlinkFirst(f);
}
/**
* Unlinks non-null first node f.
*/
private E unlinkFirst(Node<E> f) {
// assert f == first && f != null;
//获取首节点的元素和首节点的next node
final E element = f.item;
final Node<E> next = f.next;
//让首节点元素和next node为null
f.item = null;
f.next = null; // help GC
//令原首节点next node成为新的首节点
first = next;
//如果next为null(新的首节点为null),说明链表为null,因此last同样为null
if (next == null)
last = null;
//如果next不为null,则新的首节点的prev指针应该指向null
else
next.prev = null;
//将链表长度-1
size--;
//增加修改次数
modCount++;
//返回原首节点的元素,便有了弹出栈顶元素的效果
return element;
}
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1.3.6 remove(Object)方法移除元素
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
//从链表头开始遍历,找到第一个item为null的节点,移除
if (x.item == null) {
unlink(x);
return true;
}
}
} else {
for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
//从链表头开始遍历,找到第一个item为o的节点,移除
if (o.equals(x.item)) {
unlink(x);
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* Unlinks non-null node x.
*/
E unlink(Node<E> x) {
// assert x != null;
final E element = x.item;
final Node<E> next = x.next;
final Node<E> prev = x.prev;
if (prev == null) {
//如果移除节点为头结点,则直接将first指针指向头结点的下一个节点
first = next;
} else {
//如果不是头结点
//断开prev和x的链接
prev.next = next;
x.prev = null;
}
if (next == null) {
//如果移除节点为尾结点,则直接将last指针指向头结点的上一个节点
last = prev;
} else {
//如果不是尾结点
//断开next和x的链接
next.prev = prev;
x.next = null;
}
//将节点中的元素设为null
x.item = null;
size--;
modCount++;
return element;
}
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1.4 其它方法
其他方法在LinkedList的主要方法中基本都有调用,具体使用方法见1.3。
1.4.1 node(int index)
/**
* Returns the (non-null) Node at the specified element index.
*/
Node<E> node(int index) {
// assert isElementIndex(index);
//判断index是否小于链表长度的1/2,如果是,从前往后遍历,否则从后往前遍历(为了减少遍历次数)
if (index < (size >> 1)) {
Node<E> x = first;
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
x = x.next;
return x;
} else {
Node<E> x = last;
for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
x = x.prev;
return x;
}
}
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1.4.2 linkBefore(E e, Node succ) ,linkLast(E e)
/**
* Inserts element e before non-null Node succ.
插入节点到链表中
*/
void linkBefore(E e, Node<E> succ) {
// assert succ != null;
final Node<E> pred = succ.prev;
final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, succ);
succ.prev = newNode;
if (pred == null)
first = newNode;
else
pred.next = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
/**
* Links e as last element.
链接新节点到末尾
*/
void linkLast(E e) {
final Node<E> l = last;
final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null);
last = newNode;
if (l == null)
first = newNode;
else
l.next = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
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