JVM _03 类加载与字节码技术(详解类文件结构和字节码指令)
类加载与字节码技术
1. 类文件结构
一个简单的 HelloWorld.java
// HelloWorld 示例
// HelloWorld 示例
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("hello world");
}
}
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执行javac -parameters -d . HellowWorld.java
编译为 HelloWorld.class 后是这个样子的:
[root@localhost ~]# od -t xC HelloWorld.class
0000000 ca fe ba be 00 00 00 34 00 23 0a 00 06 00 15 09
0000020 00 16 00 17 08 00 18 0a 00 19 00 1a 07 00 1b 07
0000040 00 1c 01 00 06 3c 69 6e 69 74 3e 01 00 03 28 29
0000060 56 01 00 04 43 6f 64 65 01 00 0f 4c 69 6e 65 4e
0000100 75 6d 62 65 72 54 61 62 6c 65 01 00 12 4c 6f 63
0000120 61 6c 56 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 54 61 62 6c 65 01
0000140 00 04 74 68 69 73 01 00 1d 4c 63 6e 2f 69 74 63
0000160 61 73 74 2f 6a 76 6d 2f 74 35 2f 48 65 6c 6c 6f
0000200 57 6f 72 6c 64 3b 01 00 04 6d 61 69 6e 01 00 16
0000220 28 5b 4c 6a 61 76 61 2f 6c 61 6e 67 2f 53 74 72
0000240 69 6e 67 3b 29 56 01 00 04 61 72 67 73 01 00 13
0000260 5b 4c 6a 61 76 61 2f 6c 61 6e 67 2f 53 74 72 69
0000300 6e 67 3b 01 00 10 4d 65 74 68 6f 64 50 61 72 61
0000320 6d 65 74 65 72 73 01 00 0a 53 6f 75 72 63 65 46
0000340 69 6c 65 01 00 0f 48 65 6c 6c 6f 57 6f 72 6c 64
0000360 2e 6a 61 76 61 0c 00 07 00 08 07 00 1d 0c 00 1e
0000400 00 1f 01 00 0b 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64
0000420 07 00 20 0c 00 21 00 22 01 00 1b 63 6e 2f 69 74
0000440 63 61 73 74 2f 6a 76 6d 2f 74 35 2f 48 65 6c 6c
0000460 6f 57 6f 72 6c 64 01 00 10 6a 61 76 61 2f 6c 61
0000500 6e 67 2f 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 01 00 10 6a 61 76 61
0000520 2f 6c 61 6e 67 2f 53 79 73 74 65 6d 01 00 03 6f
0000540 75 74 01 00 15 4c 6a 61 76 61 2f 69 6f 2f 50 72
0000560 69 6e 74 53 74 72 65 61 6d 3b 01 00 13 6a 61 76
0000600 61 2f 69 6f 2f 50 72 69 6e 74 53 74 72 65 61 6d
0000620 01 00 07 70 72 69 6e 74 6c 6e 01 00 15 28 4c 6a
0000640 61 76 61 2f 6c 61 6e 67 2f 53 74 72 69 6e 67 3b
0000660 29 56 00 21 00 05 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 01
0000700 00 07 00 08 00 01 00 09 00 00 00 2f 00 01 00 01
0000720 00 00 00 05 2a b7 00 01 b1 00 00 00 02 00 0a 00
0000740 00 00 06 00 01 00 00 00 04 00 0b 00 00 00 0c 00
0000760 01 00 00 00 05 00 0c 00 0d 00 00 00 09 00 0e 00
0001000 0f 00 02 00 09 00 00 00 37 00 02 00 01 00 00 00
0001020 09 b2 00 02 12 03 b6 00 04 b1 00 00 00 02 00 0a
0001040 00 00 00 0a 00 02 00 00 00 06 00 08 00 07 00 0b
0001060 00 00 00 0c 00 01 00 00 00 09 00 10 00 11 00 00
0001100 00 12 00 00 00 05 01 00 10 00 00 00 01 00 13 00
0001120 00 00 02 00 14
根据 JVM 规范,类文件结构如下
ClassFile {
u4 magic;
u2 minor_version;
u2 major_version;
u2 constant_pool_count;
cp_info constant_pool[constant_pool_count-1];
u2 access_flags;
u2 this_class;
u2 super_class;
u2 interfaces_count;
u2 interfaces[interfaces_count];
u2 fields_count;
field_info fields[fields_count];
u2 methods_count;
method_info methods[methods_count];
u2 attributes_count;
attribute_info attributes[attributes_count];
}
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1.2 魔数
0~3 字节,表示它是否是【class】类型的文件
0000000 ca fe ba be 00 00 00 34 00 23 0a 00 06 00 15 09
1.2 版本
4~7 字节,表示类的版本 00 34(52) 表示是 Java 8
0000000 ca fe ba be 00 00 00 34 00 23 0a 00 06 00 15 09
1.3 常量池
Constant Type | Value |
---|---|
CONSTANT_Class | 7 |
CONSTANT_Fieldref | 9 |
CONSTANT_Methodref | 10 |
CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref | 11 |
CONSTANT_String | 8 |
CONSTANT_Integer | 3 |
CONSTANT_Float | 4 |
CONSTANT_Long | 5 |
CONSTANT_Double | 6 |
CONSTANT_NameAndType | 12 |
CONSTANT_Utf8 | 1 |
CONSTANT_MethodHandle | 15 |
CONSTANT_MethodType | 16 |
CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic | 18 |
8-9 字节,表示常量池长度,00 23 (35) 表示常量池有 #1~#34项,注意 #0 项不计入,也没有值
0000000 ca fe ba be 00 00 00 34 00 23 0a 00 06 00 15 09
第#1项 0a 表示一个 Method 信息,00 06 和 00 15(21) 表示它引用了常量池中 #6 和 #21 项来获得这个方法的【所属类】和【方法名】
0000000 ca fe ba be 00 00 00 34 00 23 0a 00 06 00 15 09
第#2项 09 表示一个 Field 信息,00 16(22)和 00 17(23) 表示它引用了常量池中 #22 和 # 23 项来获得这个成员变量的【所属类】和【成员变量名】
0000000 ca fe ba be 00 00 00 34 00 23 0a 00 06 00 15 09
0000020 00 16 00 17 08 00 18 0a 00 19 00 1a 07 00 1b 07
第#3项 08 表示一个字符串常量名称,00 18(24)表示它引用了常量池中 #24 项
0000020 00 16 00 17 08 00 18 0a 00 19 00 1a 07 00 1b 07
第#4项 0a 表示一个 Method 信息,00 19(25) 和 00 1a(26) 表示它引用了常量池中 #25 和 #26项来获得这个方法的【所属类】和【方法名】
0000020 00 16 00 17 08 00 18 0a 00 19 00 1a 07 00 1b 07
第#5项 07 表示一个 Class 信息,00 1b(27) 表示它引用了常量池中 #27 项
0000020 00 16 00 17 08 00 18 0a 00 19 00 1a 07 00 1b 07
省略若干……
1.4 访问标识与继承信息
21 表示该 class 是一个类,公共的
0000660 29 56 00 21 00 05 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 01
05 表示根据常量池中 #5 找到本类全限定名
0000660 29 56 00 21 00 05 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 01
06 表示根据常量池中 #6 找到父类全限定名
0000660 29 56 00 21 00 05 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 01
表示接口的数量,本类为 0
0000660 29 56 00 21 00 05 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 01
1.5 Field 信息
表示成员变量数量,本类为 0
0000660 29 56 00 21 00 05 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 01
1.6 Method 信息
表示方法数量,本类为 2
0000660 29 56 00 21 00 05 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 01
一个方法由 访问修饰符,名称,参数描述,方法属性数量,方法属性组成
1.7 附加属性
-
00 01 表示附加属性数量
-
00 13 表示引用了常量池 #19 项,即【SourceFile】
-
00 00 00 02 表示此属性的长度
-
00 14 表示引用了常量池 #20 项,即【HelloWorld.java】
0001100 00 12 00 00 00 05 01 00 10 00 00 00 01 00 13 00
0001120 00 00 02 00 14
参考文献
2.字节码指令
2.1 入门
接着上一节,研究一下两组字节码指令,一个是
public cn.qinghong.jvm.t5.HelloWorld();
构造方法的字节码指令
2a b7 00 01 b1
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-
2a => aload_0 加载 slot 0 的局部变量,即 this,做为下面的 invokespecial 构造方法调用的参数
-
b7 => invokespecial 预备调用构造方法,哪个方法呢?
-
00 01 引用常量池中 #1 项,即【 Method java/lang/Object.””:()V 】
-
b1 表示返回
另一个是public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
主方法的字节码指令
b2 00 02 12 03 b6 00 04 b1
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-
b2 => getstatic 用来加载静态变量,哪个静态变量呢?
-
00 02 引用常量池中 #2 项,即【Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;】
-
12 => ldc 加载参数,哪个参数呢?
-
03 引用常量池中 #3 项,即 【String hello world】
-
b6 => invokevirtual 预备调用成员方法,哪个方法呢?
-
00 04 引用常量池中 #4 项,即【Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V】
-
b1 表示返回
请参考
2.2 javap工具
自己分析类文件结构太麻烦了,Oracle 提供了 javap 工具来反编译 class 文件
[root@localhost ~]# javap -v HelloWorld.class
Classfile /root/HelloWorld.class
Last modified Jul 7, 2019; size 597 bytes
MD5 checksum 361dca1c3f4ae38644a9cd5060ac6dbc
Compiled from "HelloWorld.java"
public class cn.itcast.jvm.t5.HelloWorld
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #6.#21 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Fieldref #22.#23 //java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#3 = String #24 // hello world
#4 = Methodref #25.#26 // java/io/PrintStream.println: (Ljava/lang/String;)V
#5 = Class #27 // cn/itcast/jvm/t5/HelloWorld
#6 = Class #28 // java/lang/Object
#7 = Utf8 <init>
#8 = Utf8 ()V
#9 = Utf8 Code
#10 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#11 = Utf8 LocalVariableTable
#12 = Utf8 this
#13 = Utf8 Lcn/itcast/jvm/t5/HelloWorld;#14 = Utf8 main
#15 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#16 = Utf8 args
#17 = Utf8 [Ljava/lang/String;
#18 = Utf8 MethodParameters
#19 = Utf8 SourceFile
#20 = Utf8 HelloWorld.java
#21 = NameAndType #7:#8 // "<init>":()V
#22 = Class #29 // java/lang/System
#23 = NameAndType #30:#31 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#24 = Utf8 hello world
#25 = Class #32 // java/io/PrintStream
#26 = NameAndType #33:#34 // println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#27 = Utf8 cn/itcast/jvm/t5/HelloWorld
#28 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#29 = Utf8 java/lang/System
#30 = Utf8 out
#31 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#32 = Utf8 java/io/PrintStream
#33 = Utf8 println
#34 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)V
{
public cn.itcast.jvm.t5.HelloWorld();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."
<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 4: 0
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 5 0 this Lcn/itcast/jvm/t5/HelloWorld;
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: getstatic #2 // Fieldjava/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
3: ldc #3 // String hello world
5: invokevirtual #4 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
8: return
LineNumberTable:
line 6: 0
line 7: 8
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 9 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
MethodParameters:
Name Flags
args
}
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2.3 图解方法执行流程
1)原始java代码
/**
* 演示 字节码指令 和 操作数栈、常量池的关系
*/
public class Demo3_1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10;
int b = Short.MAX_VALUE + 1;
int c = a + b;
System.out.println(c);
}
}
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2)编译后的字节码文件
[root@localhost ~]# javap -v Demo3_1.class
Classfile /root/Demo3_1.class
Last modified Jul 7, 2019; size 665 bytes
MD5 checksum a2c29a22421e218d4924d31e6990cfc5
Compiled from "Demo3_1.java"
public class cn.itcast.jvm.t3.bytecode.Demo3_1
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #7.#26 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Class #27 // java/lang/Short
#3 = Integer 32768
#4 = Fieldref #28.#29 //java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#5 = Methodref #30.#31 // java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
#6 = Class #32 // cn/itcast/jvm/t3/bytecode/Demo3_1
#7 = Class #33 // java/lang/Object
#8 = Utf8 <init>
#9 = Utf8 ()V
#10 = Utf8 Code
#11 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#12 = Utf8 LocalVariableTable
#13 = Utf8 this
#14 = Utf8 Lcn/itcast/jvm/t3/bytecode/Demo3_1;
#15 = Utf8 main
#16 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#17 = Utf8 args
#18 = Utf8 [Ljava/lang/String;
#19 = Utf8 a#20 = Utf8 I
#20 = Utf8 HelloWorld.java
#21 = Utf8 b
#22 = Utf8 c
#23 = Utf8 MethodParameters
#24 = Utf8 SourceFile
#25 = Utf8 Demo3_1.java
#26 = NameAndType #8:#9 // "<init>":()V
#27 = Utf8 java/lang/Short
#28 = Class #34 // java/lang/System
#29 = NameAndType #35:#36 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#30 = Class #37 // java/io/PrintStream
#31 = NameAndType #38:#39 // println:(I)V
#32 = Utf8 cn/itcast/jvm/t3/bytecode/Demo3_1
#33 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#34 = Utf8 java/lang/System
#35 = Utf8 out
#36 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#37 = Utf8 java/io/PrintStream
#38 = Utf8 println
#39 = Utf8 (I)V
{
public cn.itcast.jvm.t3.bytecode.Demo3_1();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."
<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 6: 0
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 5 0 this Lcn/itcast/jvm/t3/bytecode/Demo3_1;
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=4, args_size=1
0: bipush 10
2: istore_1
3: ldc #3 // int 32768
5: istore_2
6: iload_1
7: iload_2
8: iadd
9: istore_3
10: getstatic #4 // Field
java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
13: iload_3
14: invokevirtual #5 // Method
java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
17: return
LineNumberTable:
line 8: 0
line 9: 3
(stack=2,locals=4)
line 10: 6
line 11: 10
line 12: 17
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 18 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
3 15 1 a I
6 12 2 b I
10 8 3 c I
MethodParameters:
Name Flags
args
}
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3) 常量池载入运行时常量池
4)方法字节码载入方法区
5) main 线程开始运行,分配栈帧内存
(stack=2,locals=4)
6)执行引擎开始执行字节码
bipush 10
- 将一个 byte 压入操作数栈(其长度会补齐 4 个字节),类似的指令还有
- sipush 将一个 short 压入操作数栈(其长度会补齐 4 个字节)
- ldc 将一个 int 压入操作数栈
- ldc2_w 将一个 long 压入操作数栈(分两次压入,因为 long 是 8 个字节)
- 这里小的数字都是和字节码指令存在一起,超过 short 范围的数字存入了常量池
istore_1
- 将操作数栈顶数据弹出,存入局部变量表的 slot 1
ldc #3
- 从常量池加载 #3 数据到操作数栈
- 注意 Short.MAX_VALUE 是 32767,所以 32768 = Short.MAX_VALUE +1 实际是在编译期间计算好的
istore_2
iload_1
iload_2
iadd
istore_3
getstatic #4
iload_3
invokevirtual #5
- 找到常量池 #5 项
- 定位到方法区 java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V 方法
- 生成新的栈帧(分配 locals、stack等)
- 传递参数,执行新栈帧中的字节码
- 执行完毕,弹出栈帧
- 清除 main 操作数栈内容
return
- 完成 main 方法调用,弹出 main 栈帧
- 程序结束
2.4 练习分析i++
目的:从字节码角度分析 a++ 相关题目
源码:
/**
* 从字节码角度分析 a++ 相关题目
*/
public class Demo3_2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10;
int b = a++ + ++a + a--;
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(b);
}
}
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字节码:
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: (0x0009) ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=3, args_size=1
0: bipush 10
2: istore_1
3: iload_1
4: iinc 1, 1
7: iinc 1, 1
10: iload_1
11: iadd
12: iload_1
13: iinc 1, -1
16: iadd
17: istore_218: getstatic #2 // Fieldjava/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
21: iload_1
22: invokevirtual #3 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
25: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
28: iload_2
29: invokevirtual #3 // Methodjava/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
32: return
LineNumberTable:
line 8: 0
line 9: 3
line 10: 18
line 11: 25
line 12: 32
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 33 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
3 30 1 a I
18 15 2 b I
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分析:
- 注意 iinc 指令是直接在局部变量 slot 上进行运算
- a++ 和 ++a 的区别是先执行 iload 还是 先执行 iinc
2.5 条件判断指令指令
几点说明:
- byte,short,char 都会按 int 比较,因为操作数栈都是 4 字节
- goto 用来进行跳转到指定行号的字节码
源码:
public class Demo3_3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 0;
if(a == 0) {
a = 10;
} else {
a = 20;
}
}
}
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字节码:
0: iconst_0
1: istore_1
2: iload_1
3: ifne 12
6: bipush 10
8: istore_1
9: goto 15
12: bipush 20
14: istore_1
15: return
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思考 :细心的同学应当注意到,以上比较指令中没有 long,flfloat,double 的比较,那么它们要比较怎么办?参考 docs.oracle.com/javase/spec…
2.6 循环控制指令
其实循环控制还是前面介绍的那些指令,例如 while 循环:
public class Demo3_4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 0;
while (a < 10) {
a++;
}
}
}
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字节码
0: iconst_0
1: istore_1
2: iload_1
3: bipush 10
5: if_icmpge 14
8: iinc 1, 1
11: goto 2
14: return
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再比如 do while 循环:
public class Demo3_5 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 0;
do {
a++;
} while (a < 10);
}
}
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字节码是:
0: iconst_0
1: istore_1
2: iinc 1, 1
5: iload_1
6: bipush 10
8: if_icmplt 2
11: return
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最后再看看 for 循环:
public class Demo3_6 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
}
}
}
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字节码是:
0: iconst_0
1: istore_1
2: iload_1
3: bipush 10
5: if_icmpge 14
8: iinc 1, 1
11: goto 2
14: return
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注意比较 while 和 for 的字节码,你发现它们是一模一样的,殊途也能同归?
2.7 练习判断结果
请从字节码角度分析,下列代码运行的结果:
public class Demo3_6_1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;
int x = 0;
while (i < 10) {
x = x++;
i++;
}
System.out.println(x);
}
}
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2.8 构造方法
1) < cinit >()V
public class Demo3_8_1 {
static {
i = 20;
}
static {
i = 30;
}
static int i = 10;
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(Demo3_8_1.i);
}
}
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编译器会按从上至下的顺序,收集所有 static 静态代码块和静态成员赋值的代码,合并为一个特殊的方法 <cinit>
()V :
0: bipush 10
2: putstatic #2 // Field i:I
5: bipush 20
7: putstatic #2 // Field i:I
10: bipush 30
12: putstatic #2 // Field i:I
15: return
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<cinit>
()V 方法会在类加载的初始化阶段被调用
练习可以自己调整一下 static 变量和静态代码块的位置,观察字节码的改动
2)<init>
()V
public class Demo3_8_2 {
private String a = "s1";
{
b = 20;
}
private int b = 10;
{
a = "s2";
}
public Demo3_8_2(String a, int b) {
this.a = a;
this.b = b;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Demo3_8_2 d = new Demo3_8_2("s3", 30);
System.out.println(d.a);
System.out.println(d.b);
}
}
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编译器会按从上至下的顺序,收集所有 {} 代码块和成员变量赋值的代码,形成新的构造方法,但原始构造方法内的代码总是在最后
public cn.itcast.jvm.t3.bytecode.Demo3_8_2(java.lang.String, int);
descriptor: (Ljava/lang/String;I)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=3, args_size=3
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // super.<init>()V
4: aload_0
5: ldc #2 // <- "s1"
7: putfield #3 // -> this.a
10: aload_0
11: bipush 20 // <- 20
13: putfield #4 // -> this.b
16: aload_0
17: bipush 10 // <- 10
19: putfield #4 // -> this.b
22: aload_0
23: ldc #5 //<- "s2"
25: putfield #3 // -> this.a
28: aload_0 // ------------------------------
29: aload_1 // <- slot 1(a) "s3" |
30: putfield #3 // -> this.a |
33: aload_0 |
34: iload_2 // <- slot 2(b) 30 |
35: putfield #4 // -> this.b -------------------
38: return
LineNumberTable: ...
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 39 0 this Lcn/itcast/jvm/t3/bytecode/Demo3_8_2;
0 39 1 a Ljava/lang/String;
0 39 2 b I
MethodParameters: ...
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2.9 方法调用
看一下几种不同的方法调用对应的字节码指令
public class Demo3_9 {
public Demo3_9() { }
private void test1() { }
private final void test2() { }
public void test3() { }
public static void test4() { }
@Override
public String toString() {
return super.toString();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Demo3_9 d = new Demo3_9();
d.test1();
d.test2();
d.test3();
d.test4();
Demo3_9.test4();
d.toString();
}
}
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*字节码:
0: new #2 // class cn/itcast/jvm/t3/bytecode/Demo3_9
3: dup
4: invokespecial #3 // Method "<init>":()V
7: astore_1
8: aload_1
9: invokespecial #4 // Method test1:()V
12: aload_1
13: invokespecial #5 // Method test2:()V
16: aload_1
17: invokevirtual #6 // Method test3:()V
20: aload_1
21: pop
22: invokestatic #7 // Method test4:()V
25: invokestatic #7 // Method test4:()V
28: return
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- new 是创建【对象】,给对象分配堆内存,执行成功会将【对象引用】压入操作数栈
- dup 是赋值操作数栈栈顶的内容,本例即为【对象引用】,为什么需要两份引用呢,一个是要配合 invokespecial 调用该对象的构造方法 “”:()V (会消耗掉栈顶一个引用),另一个要配合 astore_1 赋值给局部变量
- 最终方法(fifinal),私有方法(private),构造方法都是由 invokespecial 指令来调用,属于静态绑定
- 普通成员方法是由 invokevirtual 调用,属于动态绑定,即支持多态
- 成员方法与静态方法调用的另一个区别是,执行方法前是否需要【对象引用】
- 比较有意思的是 d.test4(); 是通过【对象引用】调用一个静态方法,可以看到在调用invokestatic 之前执行了 pop 指令,把【对象引用】从操作数栈弹掉了?
- 还有一个执行 invokespecial 的情况是通过 super 调用父类方法
2.10 多态的原理
/**
* 演示多态原理,注意加上下面的 JVM 参数,禁用指针压缩
* -XX:-UseCompressedOops -XX:-UseCompressedClassPointers
*/
public class Demo3_10 {
public static void test(Animal animal) {
animal.eat();
System.out.println(animal.toString());
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
test(new Cat());
test(new Dog());
System.in.read();
}
}
abstract class Animal {
public abstract void eat();
@Override
public String toString() {
return "我是" + this.getClass().getSimpleName();
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
@Override
public void eat() {
System.out.println("啃骨头");
}
}
class Cat extends Animal {
@Override
public void eat() {
System.out.println("吃鱼");
}
}
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1 运行代码
停在 System.in.read() 方法上,这时运行 jps 获取进程 id
2 运行 HSDB 工具
进入 JDK 安装目录,执行
java -cp ./lib/sa-jdi.jar sun.jvm.hotspot.HSDB
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进入图形界面 attach 进程 id
3 查找某个对象
打开 Tools -> Find Object By Query
输入 select d from cn.itcast.jvm.t3.bytecode.Dog d
点击 Execute 执行
4 查看对象内存结构
点击超链接可以看到对象的内存结构,此对象没有任何属性,因此只有对象头的 16 字节,前 8 字节是MarkWord,后 8 字节就是对象的 Class 指针
但目前看不到它的实际地址
5 查看对象Class的内存地址
可以通过 Windows -> Console 进入命令行模式,执行
mem 0x00000001299b4978 2
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mem 有两个参数,参数 1 是对象地址,参数 2 是查看 2 行(即 16 字节)
结果中第二行 0x000000001b7d4028 即为 Class 的内存地址
6 查看类的vtable
-
方法1:Alt+R 进入 Inspector 工具,输入刚才的 Class 内存地址,看到如下界面
-
方法2:或者 Tools -> Class Browser 输入 Dog 查找,可以得到相同的结果
无论通过哪种方法,都可以找到 Dog Class 的 vtable 长度为 6,意思就是 Dog 类有 6 个虚方法(多态相关的,fifinal,static 不会列入)
那么这 6 个方法都是谁呢?从 Class 的起始地址开始算,偏移 0x1b8 就是 vtable 的起始地址,进行计
算得到:
0x000000001b7d4028
1b8 +
\---------------------
0x000000001b7d41e0
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通过 Windows -> Console 进入命令行模式,执行
mem 0x000000001b7d41e0 6
0x000000001b7d41e0: 0x000000001b3d1b10
0x000000001b7d41e8: 0x000000001b3d15e8
0x000000001b7d41f0: 0x000000001b7d35e8
0x000000001b7d41f8: 0x000000001b3d1540
0x000000001b7d4200: 0x000000001b3d1678
0x000000001b7d4208: 0x000000001b7d3fa8````
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就得到了 6 个虚方法的入口地址
7 验证方法地址
通过 Tools -> Class Browser 查看每个类的方法定义,比较可知
Dog - public void eat() @0x000000001b7d3fa8
Animal - public java.lang.String toString() @0x000000001b7d35e8;
Object - protected void finalize() @0x000000001b3d1b10;
Object - public boolean equals(java.lang.Object) @0x000000001b3d15e8;
Object - public native int hashCode() @0x000000001b3d1540;
Object - protected native java.lang.Object clone() @0x000000001b3d1678;
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对号入座,发现
-
eat() 方法是 Dog 类自己的
-
toString() 方法是继承 String 类的
-
fifinalize() ,equals(),hashCode(),clone() 都是继承 Object 类的
8 小结
当执行 invokevirtual 指令时,
-
先通过栈帧中的对象引用找到对象
-
分析对象头,找到对象的实际 Class
-
Class 结构中有 vtable,它在类加载的链接阶段就已经根据方法的重写规则生成好了
-
查表得到方法的具体地址
-
执行方法的字节码
2.11 异常处理
try-catch
public class Demo3_11_1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;
try {
i = 10;
} catch (Exception e) {
i = 20;
}
}
}
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注意为了抓住重点,下面的字节码省略了不重要的部分
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=3, args_size=1
0: iconst_0
1: istore_1
2: bipush 10
4: istore_1
5: goto 12
8: astore_2
9: bipush 20
11: istore_1
12: return
Exception table:
from to target type
2 5 8 Class java/lang/Exception
LineNumberTable: ...
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
9 3 2 e Ljava/lang/Exception;
0 13 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
2 11 1 i I
StackMapTable: ...
MethodParameters: ...
}
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- 可以看到多出来一个 Exception table 的结构,[from, to) 是前闭后开的检测范围,一旦这个范围内的字节码执行出现异常,则通过 type 匹配异常类型,如果一致,进入 target 所指示行号
- 8 行的字节码指令 astore_2 是将异常对象引用存入局部变量表的 slot 2 位置
多个single-catch块的情况
public class Demo3_11_2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;
try {
i = 10;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
i = 30;
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
i = 40;
} catch (Exception e) {
i = 50;
}
}
}
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public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=3, args_size=1
0: iconst_0
1: istore_1
2: bipush 10
4: istore_1
5: goto 26
8: astore_2
9: bipush 30
11: istore_1
12: goto 26
15: astore_2
16: bipush 40
18: istore_1
19: goto 26
22: astore_2
23: bipush 50
25: istore_1
26: return
Exception table:
from to target type
2 5 8 Class java/lang/ArithmeticException
2 5 15 Class java/lang/NullPointerException
2 5 22 Class java/lang/Exception
LineNumberTable: ...
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
9 3 2 e Ljava/lang/ArithmeticException;
16 3 2 e Ljava/lang/NullPointerException;
23 3 2 e Ljava/lang/Exception;
0 27 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
2 25 1 i I
StackMapTable: ...
MethodParameters: ..
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- 因为异常出现时,只能进入 Exception table 中一个分支,所以局部变量表 slot 2 位置被共用
multi-catch的情况
public class Demo3_11_3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
Method test = Demo3_11_3.class.getMethod("test");
test.invoke(null);
} catch (NoSuchMethodException | IllegalAccessException | InvocationTargetException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void test() {
System.out.println("ok");
}
}
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public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=2, args_size=1
0: ldc #2
2: ldc #3
4: iconst_0
5: anewarray #4
8: invokevirtual #5
11: astore_1
12: aload_1
13: aconst_null
14: iconst_0
15: anewarray #6
18: invokevirtual #7
21: pop
22: goto 30
25: astore_1
26: aload_1
27: invokevirtual #11 // e.printStackTrace:()V
30: return
Exception table:
from to target type
0 22 25 Class java/lang/NoSuchMethodException
0 22 25 Class java/lang/IllegalAccessException
0 22 25 Class java/lang/reflect/InvocationTargetException
LineNumberTable: ...
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
12 10 1 test Ljava/lang/reflect/Method;
26 4 1 e Ljava/lang/ReflectiveOperationException;
0 31 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
StackMapTable: ...
MethodParameters: ...
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finally
public class Demo3_11_4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;
try {
i = 10;
} catch (Exception e) {
i = 20;
} finally {
i = 30;
}
}
}
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public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=4, args_size=1
0: iconst_0
1: istore_1 // 0 -> i
2: bipush 10 // try --------------------------------------
4: istore_1 // 10 -> i
5: bipush 30 // finally
7: istore_1 // 30 -> i
8: goto 27 // return -----------------------------------
11: astore_2 // catch Exceptin -> e ----------------------
12: bipush 20 // |
14: istore_1 // 20 -> i
15: bipush 30 // finally
17: istore_1 // 30 -> i
18: goto 27 // return -----------------------------------
21: astore_3 // catch any -> slot 3 ----------------------
22: bipush 30 // finally |
24: istore_1 // 30 -> i
25: aload_3 // <- slot 3
26: athrow // throw ------------------------------------
27: return
Exception table:
from to target type
2 5 11 Class java/lang/Exception
2 5 21 any // 剩余的异常类型,比如 Error
11 15 21 any // 剩余的异常类型,比如 Error
LineNumberTable: ...
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
12 3 2 e Ljava/lang/Exception;
0 28 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
2 26 1 i I
StackMapTable: ...
MethodParameters: ...
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可以看到 fifinally 中的代码被复制了 3 份,分别放入 try 流程,catch 流程以及 catch 剩余的异常类型流程
2.12 练习- fifinally面试题
fifinally出现了return
先问问自己,下面的题目输出什么?
public class Demo3_12_2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int result = test();
System.out.println(result);
}
public static int test() {
int i = 10;
try {
return i;
} finally {
i = 20;
}
}
}
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- 由于 fifinally 中的 ireturn 被插入了所有可能的流程,因此返回结果肯定以 fifinally 的为准
- 至于字节码中第 2 行,似乎没啥用,且留个伏笔,看下个例子
- 跟上例中的 fifinally 相比,发现没有 athrow 了,这告诉我们:如果在 fifinally 中出现了 return,会吞掉异常???,可以试一下下面的代码
public class Demo3_12_1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int result = test();
System.out.println(result);
}
public static int test() {
try {
int i = 1/0;
return 10;
} finally {
return 20;
}
}
}
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fifinally对返回值影响
同样问问自己,下面的题目输出什么?
public class Demo3_12_2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int result = test();
System.out.println(result);
}
public static int test() {
int i = 10;
try {
return i;
} finally {
i = 20;
}
}
}
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public static int test();
descriptor: ()I
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=3, args_size=0
0: bipush 10 // <- 10 放入栈顶
2: istore_0 // 10 -> i
3: iload_0 // <- i(10)
4: istore_1 // 10 -> slot 1,暂存至 slot 1,目的是为了固定返回值
5: bipush 20 // <- 20 放入栈顶
7: istore_0 // 20 -> i
8: iload_1 // <- slot 1(10) 载入 slot 1 暂存的值
9: ireturn // 返回栈顶的 int(10)
10: astore_2
11: bipush 20
13: istore_0
14: aload_2
15: athrow
Exception table:
from to target type
3 5 10 any
LineNumberTable: ...
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
3 13 0 i I
注意
StackMapTable: ...
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2.13 synchronized
public class Demo3_13 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Object lock = new Object();
synchronized (lock) {
System.out.println("ok");
}
}
}
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public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=4, args_size=1
0: new #2 // new Object
3: dup
4: invokespecial #1 // invokespecial <init>:()V
7: astore_1 // lock引用 -> lock
8: aload_1 // <- lock (synchronized开始)
9: dup
10: astore_2 // lock引用 -> slot 2
11: monitorenter // monitorenter(lock引用)
12: getstatic #3 // <- System.out
15: ldc #4 // <- "ok"
17: invokevirtual #5 // invokevirtual println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
20: aload_2 // <- slot 2(lock引用)
21: monitorexit // monitorexit(lock引用)
22: goto 30
25: astore_3 // any -> slot 3
26: aload_2 // <- slot 2(lock引用)
27: monitorexit // monitorexit(lock引用)
28: aload_3
29: athrow
30: return
Exception table:
from to target type
12 22 25 any
25 28 25 any
LineNumberTable: ...
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 31 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
8 23 1 lock Ljava/lang/Object;
StackMapTable: ...
MethodParameters: ...
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注意 方法级别的 synchronized 不会在字节码指令中有所体现